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. Ocean-terminating glaciers in Arctic regions have undergone rapiddynamic changes in recent years, which have been related to a dramaticincrease in calving rates. Iceberg calving is a dynamical processstrongly influenced by the geometry at the terminus of tidewaterglaciers. We investigate the effect of varying water level, calvingfront slope and basal sliding on the state of stress and flow regimefor an idealized grounded ocean-terminating glacier and scale theseresults with ice thickness and velocity. Results show that water depthand calving front slope strongly affect the stress state while theeffect from spatially uniform variations in basal sliding is muchsmaller. An increased relative water level or a reclining calvingfront slope strongly decrease the stresses and velocities in thevicinity of the terminus and hence have a stabilizing effect on thecalving front. We find that surface stress magnitude and distributionfor simple geometries are determined solely by the water depthrelative to ice thickness. Based on this scaled relationship for thestress peak at the surface, and assuming a critical stress for damageinitiation, we propose a simple and new parametrization for calvingrates for grounded tidewater glaciers that is calibrated withobservations.

Calving relation for tidewater glaciers based on detailed stress field analysis