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. To improve surface mass balance (SMB) estimates for the Greenland Ice Sheet(GrIS), we developed a 5 km resolution regional climate model combining theJapan Meteorological Agency Non-Hydrostatic atmospheric Model and the SnowMetamorphism and Albedo Process model (NHM–SMAP) with an output interval of1 h, forced by the Japanese 55-year reanalysis (JRA-55). We used in situ datato evaluate NHM–SMAP in the GrIS during the 2011–2014 mass balance years. Weinvestigated two options for the lower boundary conditions of the atmosphere:an offline configuration using snow, firn, and ice albedo, surfacetemperature data from JRA-55, and an online configuration using valuesfrom SMAP. The online configuration improved model performance in simulating2 m air temperature, suggesting that the surface analysis provided by JRA-55is inadequate for the GrIS and that SMAP results can better simulate physical conditionsof snow/firn/ice. It also reproduced the measured featuresof the GrIS climate, diurnal variations, and even a strong mesoscale windevent. In particular, it successfully reproduced the temporal evolution ofthe GrIS surface melt area extent as well as the record melt event around 12July 2012, at which time the simulated melt area extent reached 92.4 %.Sensitivity tests showed that the choice of calculation schemes for verticalwater movement in snow and firn has an effect as great as200 Gt year −1 in the GrIS-wide accumulated SMB estimates; a schemebased on the Richards equation provided the best performance.

NHM–SMAP: spatially and temporally high-resolution nonhydrostatic atmospheric model coupled with detailed snow process model for Greenland Ice Sheet