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. Conventional benchmark-based survey and Global Positioning System(GPS) have been used to measure surface elevation changes over permafrostareas, usually once or a few times a year. Here we use reflected GPS signalsto measure temporal changes of ground surface elevation due to dynamics ofthe active layer and near-surface permafrost. Applying the GPSinterferometric reflectometry technique to the multipath signal-to-noiseratio data collected by a continuously operating GPS receiver mounted deep inpermafrost in Barrow, Alaska, we can retrieve the vertical distance betweenthe antenna and reflecting surface. Using this unique kind of observables, weobtain daily changes of surface elevation during July and August from 2004 to2015. Our results show distinct temporal variations at three timescales:regular thaw settlement within each summer, strong interannual variabilitythat is characterized by a sub-decadal subsidence trend followed by a briefuplift trend, and a secular subsidence trend of0.26  ±  0.02 cm year −1 during 2004 and 2015. This method provides a new way to fully utilize datafrom continuously operating GPS sites in cold regions for studying dynamicsof the frozen ground consistently and sustainably over a long time.

Decadal changes of surface elevation over permafrost area estimated using reflected GPS signals