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. Aerosols affect the Earth's temperature and climate by altering theradiative properties of the atmosphere. Changes in the composition,morphological structure, and mixing state of aerosol components will causesignificant changes in radiative forcing in the atmosphere. This workfocused on the physicochemical properties of light-absorbing particles(LAPs) and their variability through deposition process from the atmosphereto the glacier–snowpack interface based on large-range observations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and laboratory transmission electron microscope(TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) measurements. Theresults showed that LAP particle structures changed markedly in thesnowpack compared to those in the atmosphere due to black carbon(BC) and organic matter (OM) particle aging and salt-coating condition changes.Considerably more aged BC and OM particles were observed in the glacier andsnowpack surfaces than in the atmosphere, as the concentration of aged BCand OM varied in all locations by 4 %–16 % and 12 %–25 % in theatmosphere, whereas they varied by 25 %–36 % and36 %–48 % in the glacier–snowpack surface. Similarly, thesalt-coated particle ratio of LAPs in the snowpack is lower than in theatmosphere. Albedo change contribution in the Miaoergou, Yuzhufeng, and Qiyiglaciers is evaluated using the SNICAR model for glacier surface-distributedimpurities. Due to the salt-coating state change, the snow albedo decreasedby 16.7 %–33.9 % compared to that in the atmosphere. Such a great changemay cause more strongly enhanced radiative heating than previously thought,suggesting that the warming effect from particle structure and mixing changein glacier–snowpack LAPs may have markedly affected the climate on a globalscale in terms of direct forcing in the cryosphere.

Variability in individual particle structure and mixing states between the glacier–snowpack and atmosphere in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau