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. There is significant uncertainty regarding the spatiotemporal distribution ofseasonal snow on glaciers, despite being a fundamental component of glaciermass balance. To address this knowledge gap, we collected repeat, spatiallyextensive high-frequency ground-penetrating radar (GPR) observations on twoglaciers in Alaska during the spring of 5 consecutive years. GPRmeasurements showed steep snow water equivalent (SWE) elevation gradients atboth sites; continental Gulkana Glacier's SWE gradient averaged 115 mm 100 m −1 and maritime Wolverine Glacier's gradient averaged440 mm 100 m −1 (over > 1000 m). We extrapolated GPR point observationsacross the glacier surface using terrain parameters derived from digitalelevation models as predictor variables in two statistical models (stepwisemultivariable linear regression and regression trees). Elevation and proxiesfor wind redistribution had the greatest explanatory power, and exhibitedrelatively time-constant coefficients over the study period. Both statisticalmodels yielded comparable estimates of glacier-wide average SWE (1 %average difference at Gulkana, 4 % average difference at Wolverine),although the spatial distributions produced by the models diverged inunsampled regions of the glacier, particularly at Wolverine. In total, sixdifferent methods for estimating the glacier-wide winter balance averageagreed within ±11  %. We assessed interannual variability in thespatial pattern of snow accumulation predicted by the statistical modelsusing two quantitative metrics. Both glaciers exhibited a high degree oftemporal stability, with ∼85  % of the glacier areaexperiencing less than 25 % normalized absolute variability over this5-year interval. We found SWE at a sparse network (3 stakes per glacier)of long-term glaciological stake sites to be highly correlated with theGPR-derived glacier-wide average. We estimate that interannual variability inthe spatial pattern of winter SWE accumulation is only a small component(4 %–10 % of glacier-wide average) of the total mass balance uncertaintyand thus, our findings support the concept that sparse stake networkseffectively measure interannual variability in winter balance on glaciers,rather than some temporally varying spatial pattern of snow accumulation.

Interannual snow accumulation variability on glaciers derived from repeat, spatially extensive ground-penetrating radar surveys