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. Ice cliff backwasting on debris-covered glaciers is recognizedas an important mass-loss process that is potentially responsible for the“debris-cover anomaly”, i.e. the fact that debris-covered anddebris-free glacier tongues appear to have similar thinning rates in theHimalaya. In this study, we quantify the total contribution of ice cliffbackwasting to the net ablation of the tongue of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal,between 2015 and 2017. Detailed backwasting and surface thinning rates wereobtained from terrestrial photogrammetry collected in November 2015 and 2016,unmanned air vehicle (UAV) surveys conducted in November 2015, 2016 and 2017,and Pleiades tri-stereo imagery obtained in November 2015, 2016 and 2017.UAV- and Pleiades-derived ice cliff volume loss estimates were3 % and 7 % less than the value calculated from thereference terrestrial photogrammetry. Ice cliffs cover between 7 % and8 % of the total map view area of the Changri Nup tongue. Yet fromNovember 2015 to November 2016 (November 2016 to November 2017), ice cliffscontributed to 23±5  % ( 24±5  %) of the total ablation observedon the tongue. Ice cliffs therefore have a net ablation rate 3.1±0.6 ( 3.0±0.6 ) times higher than the average glacier tongue surface.However, on Changri Nup Glacier, ice cliffs still cannot compensate for thereduction in ablation due to debris-cover. In addition to cliff enhancement,a combination of reduced ablation and lower emergence velocities could beresponsible for the debris-cover anomaly on debris-covered tongues.

Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya