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. The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is losing mass in response torecent climatic and oceanic warming. Since the mid-1990s, tidewater outletglaciers across the ice sheet have thinned, retreated, and accelerated, butrecent changes in northern Greenland have been comparatively understudied.Consequently, the dynamic response (i.e. changes in surface elevation andvelocity) of these outlet glaciers to changes at their termini, particularlycalving from floating ice tongues, is poorly constrained. Here we usesatellite imagery and historical maps to produce an unprecedented 68-yearrecord of terminus change across 18 major outlet glaciers and combine thiswith previously published surface elevation and velocity datasets. Overall,recent (1995–2015) retreat rates were higher than at any time in theprevious 47 years (since 1948). Despite increased retreat rates from the1990s, there was distinct variability in dynamic glacier behaviour dependingon whether the terminus was grounded or floating. Grounded glaciersaccelerated and thinned in response to retreat over the last 2 decades,while most glaciers terminating in ice tongues appeared dynamicallyinsensitive to recent ice tongue retreat and/or total collapse. We alsoidentify glacier geometry (e.g. fjord width, basal topography, and ice tongueconfinement) as an important influence on the dynamic adjustment of glaciersto changes at their termini. Recent grounded outlet glacier retreat and icetongue loss across northern Greenland suggest that the region is undergoingrapid change and could soon contribute substantially to sea level rise viathe loss of grounded ice.

Dynamic changes in outlet glaciers in northern Greenland from 1948 to 2015