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. The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is currently losing ice mass. In order toaccurately predict future sea level rise, the mechanisms driving the observedmass loss must be better understood. Here, we combine data from the satellitegravimetry mission Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), surfacemass balance (SMB) output of the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model v. 2(RACMO2), and ice discharge estimates to analyze the mass budget of Greenlandat various temporal and spatial scales. We find that the mean rate of massvariations in Greenland observed by GRACE was between − 277 and − 269 Gt yr −1 in 2003–2012. This estimate is consistent with the sum(i.e., - 304 ± 126  Gt yr −1 ) of individual contributions – surfacemass balance (SMB, 216±122  Gt yr −1 ) and ice discharge ( 520±31  Gt yr −1 ) – and with previous studies. We further identify aseasonal mass anomaly throughout the GRACE record that peaks in July at80–120 Gt and which we interpret to be due to a combination of englacialand subglacial water storage generated by summer surface melting. Therobustness of this estimate is demonstrated by using both differentGRACE-based solutions and different meltwater runoff estimates (namely,RACMO2.3, SNOWPACK, and MAR3.9). Meltwater storagein the ice sheet occurs primarily due to storage in the high-accumulationregions of the southeast and northwest parts of Greenland. Analysis ofseasonal variations in outlet glacier discharge shows that the contributionof ice discharge to the observed signal is minor (at the level of only a fewgigatonnes) and does not explain the seasonal differences between the totalmass and SMB signals. With the improved quantification of meltwater storageat the seasonal scale, we highlight its importance for understandingglacio-hydrological processes and their contributions to the ice sheet massvariability.

Seasonal mass variations show timing and magnitude of meltwater storage in the Greenland Ice Sheet