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. Rapid retreat of Greenland's marine-terminating glaciers coincides with regionalwarming trends, which have broadly been used to explain these rapid changes.However, outlet glaciers within similar climate regimes experience widelycontrasting retreat patterns, suggesting that the local fjord geometry couldbe an important additional factor. To assess the relative role of climate andfjord geometry, we use the retreat history of Jakobshavn Isbrae, WestGreenland, since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum in 1850 as a baseline forthe parameterization of a depth- and width-integrated ice flow model. Theimpact of fjord geometry is isolated by using a linearlyincreasing climate forcing since the LIA andtesting a range of simplified geometries. We find that the total length of retreat is determined by external factors –such as hydrofracturing, submarine melt and buttressing by sea ice – whereasthe retreat pattern is governed by the fjord geometry. Narrow and shallowareas provide pinning points and cause delayed but rapid retreat withoutadditional climate warming, after decades of grounding line stability. Wesuggest that these geometric pinning points may be used to locate potentialsites for moraine formation and to predict the long-term response of theglacier. As a consequence, to assess the impact of climate on the retreathistory of a glacier, each system has to be analyzed with knowledge of itshistoric retreat and the local fjord geometry.

Simulated retreat of Jakobshavn Isbræ since the Little Ice Age controlled by geometry