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The production of Machine Made (MM) snow is now generalized in ski resortsand represents the most common method of adaptation for mitigating the impactof a lack of snow on skiing. Most investigations of correlations between snowconditions and the ski industry's economy focus on the production of MM snowthough not one of these has taken into account the efficiency of thesnowmaking process. The present study consists of observations of snowconditions (depth and mass) using a Differential GPS method and snow densitycoring, following snowmaking events and seasonal snow accumulation in LesDeux Alpes ski resort (French Alps). A detailed physically based snowpackmodel accounting for grooming and snowmaking was used to compute the seasonalevolution of the snowpack and compared to the observations. Our results showthat approximately 30 % of the water mass can be recovered as MM snowwithin 10 m from the center of a MM snow pile after production and50 % within 20 m. Observations and simulations on the ski slopewere relatively consistent with 60 % (±10 %) of the water massused for snowmaking within the limits of the ski slope. Losses due tothermodynamic effects were estimated in the current case example to be lessthan 10 % of the total water mass. These results suggest that even inideal conditions for production a significant fraction of the water used forsnowmaking can not be found as MM snow within the limits of the ski slopewith most of the missing fraction of water. This is due to site dependentcharacteristics (e.g. meteorological conditions, topography)

Determination of snowmaking efficiency on a ski slope from observations and modelling of snowmaking events and seasonal snow accumulation