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The response of Antarctic sea ice to large-scale patterns of atmosphericvariability varies according to sea ice sector and season. In this study,interannual atmosphere–sea ice interactions were explored using observationsand reanalysis data, and compared with simulated interactions by models inthe Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Simulated relationshipsbetween atmospheric variability and sea ice variability generally reproducedthe observed relationships, though more closely during the season of sea iceadvance than the season of sea ice retreat. Atmospheric influence on sea iceis known to be strongest during advance, and it appears that models are ableto capture the dominance of the atmosphere during advance. Simulations ofocean–atmosphere–sea ice interactions during retreat, however, requirefurther investigation.  A large proportion of model ensemble members overestimated the relativeimportance of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) compared with other modes of highsouthern latitude climate, while the influence of tropical forcing wasunderestimated. This result emerged particularly strongly during the seasonof sea ice retreat. The zonal patterns of the SAM in manymodels and its exaggerated influence on sea ice overwhelm the comparativelyunderestimated meridional influence, suggesting that simulated sea icevariability would become more zonally symmetric as a result. Across theseasons of sea ice advance and retreat, three of the five sectors did not reveal astrong relationship with a pattern of large-scale atmospheric variability inone or both seasons, indicating that sea ice in these sectors may beinfluenced more strongly by atmospheric variability unexplained by the majoratmospheric modes, or by heat exchange in the ocean.</p

Interactions between Antarctic sea ice and large-scale atmospheric modes in CMIP5 models