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The mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) in a warming climate is ofcritical interest to scientists and the general public in the context offuture sea-level rise. An improved understanding of temporal and spatialvariability of snow accumulation will reduce uncertainties in GrIS massbalance models and improve projections of Greenland's contribution tosea-level rise, currently estimated at 0.089 ± 0.03 m by 2100. Here weanalyze 25 NASA Operation IceBridge accumulation radar flights totaling >  17 700 km from 2013 to 2014 to determine snow accumulation in the GrISdry snow and percolation zones over the past 100–300 years. IceBridgeaccumulation rates are calculated and used to validate accumulation ratesfrom three regional climate models. Averaged over all 25 flights, the RMSdifference between the models and IceBridge accumulation is between0.023 ± 0.019 and 0.043 ± 0.029 m w.e. a<sup>−1</sup>, although eachmodel shows significantly larger differences from IceBridge accumulation on aregional basis. In the southeast region, for example, the ModèleAtmosphérique Régional (MARv3.5.2) overestimates by an average of20.89 ± 6.75 % across the drainage basin. Our results indicate thatthese regional differences between model and IceBridge accumulation are largeenough to significantly alter GrIS surface mass balance estimates. Empiricalorthogonal function analysis suggests that the first two principal componentsaccount for 33 and 19 % of the variance, and correlate with the AtlanticMultidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO), respectively. Regions that disagree strongest with climate models arethose in which we have the fewest IceBridge data points, requiring additionalin situ measurements to verify model uncertainties

Regional Greenland accumulation variability from Operation IceBridge airborne accumulation radar