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In this study we modelled the influence of the spatially andtemporally heterogeneous snow cover on the surface energy balance and thuson rock temperatures in two rugged, steep rock walls on the Gemsstock ridgein thecentral Swiss Alps. The heterogeneous snow depth distribution in the rockwalls was introduced to the distributed, process-based energy balance modelAlpine3D with a precipitation scaling method based on snow depth datameasured by terrestrial laser scanning. The influence of the snow cover onrock temperatures was investigated by comparing a snow-covered modelscenario (precipitation input provided by precipitation scaling) with asnow-free (zero precipitation input) one. Model uncertainties are discussedand evaluated at both the point and spatial scales against 22 near-surfacerock temperature measurements and high-resolution snow depth data fromwinter terrestrial laser scans.  In the rough rock walls, the heterogeneously distributed snow cover wasmoderately well reproduced by Alpine3D with mean absolute errors rangingbetween 0.31 and 0.81 m. However, snow cover duration was reproduced welland, consequently, near-surface rock temperatures were modelled convincingly.Uncertainties in rock temperature modelling were found to be around 1.6 °C. Errors in snow cover modelling and hence in rock temperaturesimulations are explained by inadequate snow settlement due to linearprecipitation scaling, missing lateral heat fluxes in the rock, andby errors caused by interpolation of shortwave radiation, wind and airtemperature into the rock walls.  Mean annual near-surface rock temperature increases were both measured andmodelled in the steep rock walls as a consequence of a thick, long-lastingsnow cover. Rock temperatures were 1.3–2.5 °C higher in theshaded and sunny rock walls, while comparing snow-covered to snow-freesimulations. This helps to assess the potential error made in groundtemperature modelling when neglecting snow in steep bedrock

Distributed snow and rock temperature modelling in steep rock walls using Alpine3D