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A hierarchy of approximations of the force balancefor the flow of grounded ice exists, ranging from themost sophisticated full Stokes (FS) formulation to the mostsimplified shallow ice approximation (SIA). Both are implementedin the ice flow model Elmer/Ice, and we comparethem by applying the model to the East Antarctic Shirasedrainage basin. First, we apply the control inverse methodto infer the distribution of basal friction with FS. We thencompare FS and SIA by simulating the flow of the drainagebasin under present-day conditions and for three scenarios100 years into the future defined by the SeaRISE (Sea-levelResponse to Ice Sheet Evolution) project. FS reproduces theobserved flow pattern of the drainage basin well, in particularthe zone of fast flow near the grounding line, while SIA generallyoverpredicts the surface velocities. As for the transientscenarios, the ice volume change (relative to the constantclimatecontrol run) of the surface climate experiment isnearly the same for FS and SIA, while for the basal slidingexperiment (halved basal friction), the ice volume change is 30% larger for SIA than for FS. This confirms findings ofearlier studies that, in order to model ice sheet areas containingice streams and outlet glaciers with high resolution andprecision, careful consideration must be given to the choiceof a suitable force balance

Regional modeling of the Shirase drainage basin, East Antarctica: full Stokes vs. shallow ice dynamics