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Under-ice irradiance measurements were done on ponded first-year pack ice\udalong three transects during the ICE12 expedition north of Svalbard. Bulk\udtransmittances (400–900 nm) were found to be on average 0.15–0.20\udunder bare ice, and 0.39–0.46 under ponded ice. Radiative transfer modelling\udwas done with a plane-parallel model. While simulated transmittances deviate\udsignificantly from measured transmittances close to the edge of ponds,\udspatially averaged bulk transmittances agree well. That is, transect-average\udbulk transmittances, calculated using typical simulated transmittances for\udponded and bare ice weighted by the fractional coverage of the two surface\udtypes, are in good agreement with the measured values. Radiative heating rates\udcalculated from model output indicates that about 20 % of the incident\udsolar energy is absorbed in bare ice, and 50 % in ponded ice (35 % in\udpond itself, 15 % in the underlying ice). This large difference is due to\udthe highly scattering surface scattering layer (SSL) increasing the albedo of\udthe bare ice

Modelling radiative transfer through ponded first-year Arctic sea ice with a plane-parallel model