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Thwaites Glacier (TG), West Antarctica, has been losing mass and retreating\udrapidly in the past few decades. Here, we present a study of its calving\uddynamics combining a two-dimensional flow-band full-Stokes (FS) model of its\udviscous flow with linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) theory to model\udcrevasse propagation and ice fracturing. We compare the results with those\udobtained with the higher-order (HO) and the shallow-shelf approximation (SSA)\udmodels coupled with LEFM. We find that FS/LEFM produces surface and bottom\udcrevasses that are consistent with the distribution of depth and width of\udsurface and bottom crevasses observed by NASA's Operation IceBridge radar\uddepth sounder and laser altimeter, whereas HO/LEFM and SSA/LEFM do not\udgenerate crevasses that are consistent with observations. We attribute the\uddifference to the nonhydrostatic condition of ice near the grounding line,\udwhich facilitates crevasse formation and is accounted for by the FS model but\udnot by the HO or SSA models. We find that calving is enhanced when\udpre-existing surface crevasses are present, when the ice shelf is shortened\udor when the ice shelf front is undercut. The role of undercutting depends on\udthe timescale of calving events. It is more prominent for glaciers with rapid\udcalving rates than for glaciers with slow calving rates. Glaciers extending\udinto a shorter ice shelf are more vulnerable to calving than glaciers\uddeveloping a long ice shelf, especially as the ice front retreats close to\udthe grounding line region, which leads to a positive feedback to calving\udevents. We conclude that the FS/LEFM combination yields substantial\udimprovements in capturing the stress field near the grounding line of a\udglacier for constraining crevasse formation and iceberg calving

Iceberg calving of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica: full-Stokes modeling combined with linear elastic fracture mechanics