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In stark contrast to the sharp decline in Arctic sea ice, there has been asteady increase in ice extent around Antarctica during the last threedecades, especially in the Weddell and Ross seas. In general, climate modelsdo not to capture this trend and a lack of information about sea ice coveragein the pre-satellite period limits our ability to quantify the sensitivity ofsea ice to climate change and robustly validate climate models. However,evidence of the presence and nature of sea ice was often recorded duringearly Antarctic exploration, though these sources have not previously beenexplored or exploited until now. We have analysed observations of the summersea ice edge from the ship logbooks of explorers such as Robert Falcon Scott,Ernest Shackleton and their contemporaries during the <i>Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</i> (1897–1917), and in this study we compare these to satelliteobservations from the period 1989–2014, offering insight into the iceconditions of this period, from direct observations, for the first time. Thiscomparison shows that the summer sea ice edge was between 1.0 and1.7° further north in the Weddell Sea during this period but thatice conditions were surprisingly comparable to the present day in othersectors

Estimating the extent of Antarctic summer sea ice during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration