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The values of the snow and soil thermal conductivity,ksnow and ksoil, strongly impactthe thermal regime of the ground in the Arctic, but very few data areavailable to test model predictions for these variables. We have monitoredksnow and ksoil using heated needleprobes at Bylot Island in the Canadian High Arctic (73° N,80° W) between July 2013 and July 2015. Fewksnow data were obtained during the 2013–2014 winter,because little snow was present. During the 2014–2015 winterksnow monitoring at 2, 12 and 22 cm heights and fieldobservations show that a depth hoar layer with ksnowaround 0.02 W m−1 K−1 rapidly formed. At 12 and 22 cm, windslabs with ksnow around 0.2 to0.3 W m−1 K−1 formed. The monitoring ofksoil at 10 cm depth shows that in thawed soilksoil was around 0.7 W m−1 K−1, while infrozen soil it was around 1.9 W m−1 K−1. The transition betweenboth values took place within a few days, with faster thawing than freezingand a hysteresis effect evidenced in the thermal conductivity–liquid watercontent relationship. The fast transitions suggest that the use of a bimodaldistribution of ksoil for modelling may be aninteresting option that deserves further testing. Simulations ofksnow using the snow physics model Crocus wereperformed. Contrary to observations, Crocus predicts highksnow values at the base of the snowpack(0.12–0.27 W m−1 K−1) and low ones in its upper parts(0.02–0.12 W m−1 K−1). We diagnose that this is because Crocusdoes not describe the large upward water vapour fluxes caused by thetemperature gradient in the snow and soil. These fluxes produce mass transferbetween the soil and lower snow layers to the upper snow layers and theatmosphere. Finally, we discuss the importance of the structure andproperties of the Arctic snowpack on subnivean life, as species such aslemmings live under the snow most of the year and must travel in the lowersnow layer in search of food

Seasonal evolution of the effective thermal conductivity of the snow and the soil in high Arctic herb tundra at Bylot Island, Canada