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Measuring snow water equivalent (SWE) is important for manyhydrological purposes such as modelling and flood forecasting. Measurements ofSWE are also crucial for agricultural production in areas where snowmeltrunoff dominates spring soil water recharge. Typical methods for measuringSWE include point measurements (snow tubes) and large-scale measurements(remote sensing). We explored the potential of using the cosmic-ray soilmoisture probe (CRP) to measure average SWE at a spatial scale between thoseprovided by snow tubes and remote sensing. The CRP measures above-groundmoderated neutron intensity within a radius of approximately 300 m. Usingsnow tubes, surveys were performed over two winters (2013/2014 and 2014/2015)in an area surrounding a CRP in an agricultural field in Saskatoon,Saskatchewan, Canada. The raw moderated neutron intensity counts werecorrected for atmospheric pressure, water vapour, and temporal variability ofincoming cosmic-ray flux. The mean SWE from manually measured snow surveyswas adjusted for differences in soil water storage before snowfall betweenboth winters because the CRP reading appeared to be affected by soil waterbelow the snowpack. The SWE from the snow surveys was negatively correlatedwith the CRP-measured moderated neutron intensity, giving Pearson correlationcoefficients of −0.90 (2013/2014) and −0.87 (2014/2015). A linear regressionperformed on the manually measured SWE and moderated neutron intensity countsfor 2013/2014 yielded an <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.81. Linear regression lines from the2013/2014 and 2014/2015 manually measured SWE and moderated neutron countswere similar; thus differences in antecedent soil water storage did notappear to affect the slope of the SWE vs. neutron relationship. Theregression equation obtained from 2013/2014 was used to model SWE using themoderated neutron intensity data for 2014/2015. The CRP-estimated SWE for2014/2015 was similar to that of the snow survey, with an root-mean-square error of 8.8 mm. The CRP-estimated SWE also compared well to estimates made using snow depths at meteorological sites near (< 10 km) the CRP. Overall, the empirical equation presented provides acceptable estimates of average SWE using moderated neutron intensity measurements. Using a CRP to monitor SWE isattractive because it delivers a continuous reading, can be installed inremote locations, requires minimal labour, and provides a landscape-scalemeasurement footprint

Calibration of a non-invasive cosmic-ray probe for wide area snow water equivalent measurement