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. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistentorganic pollutants produced by anthropogenic activities that contaminate allenvironmental spheres, including soils. This study focused on PAHs measuredin 2154 soils in France, covering the entire territory based on a regularsampling grid. The quantified concentrations in the Σ15 PAHs rangedfrom 5.1 to 31 200 µg kg−1, with a median value of32.6 µg kg−1, and PAHs were detected in 70 % of thesoil samples. The map of Σ15 PAH concentrations revealed strongspatial variations in soil contamination throughout France, with largerconcentrations in soils of industrial regions and near major cities. PAHmolecular diagnostic ratios support the historical origin of PAHs in thenorthern part of France being linked to the significant emissions of PAHs inEurope during the industrial period of 1850–1950, in particular with thecontribution of coal and/or biomass combustion and iron–steel production. A healthrisk assessment conducted for the residential population resulted in amedian value of 1.07 × 10−8 in total lifetime cancer risk,with only 20 sites above the limit of 10−6 and one above the limit of10−5 adopted by the French government. These results reveal the need toconduct large-scale studies on soil contamination to determine the fate ofPAHs and evaluate the risks induced by soil pollution at a country-levelscale.

Spatial variations, origins, and risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in French soils