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. Saudi Arabia has the world's fifth-largest desert and isthe biggest importer of food and agricultural products. Understanding soilmicrobial communities is key to improving the agricultural potential of theregion. Therefore, soil microbial communities of the semiarid region ofAbha, known for agriculture, and arid regions of Hafar Al Batin and Muzahmiyawere studied using Illumina sequencing. The results show that the microbialcommunities of the Saudi desert were characterized by the presence of highnumbers of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. In addition toSahara desert signature phyla like Gemmatimonadetes, biogeochemically importantmicroorganisms like primary producers, nitrogen fixers and ammonia oxidizerswere also present. The composition of the microbial community varied greatlyamong the sites sampled. The highest diversity was found in the rhizosphericsoil of Muzahmiya followed by Abha. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria andActinobacteria were the three main phyla detected in all the samples. Soils fromthe agricultural region of Abha were significantly different from othersamples in containing only 1 % Firmicutes and 3–6 times higherpopulation of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, respectively. The presenceof photosynthetic bacteria, ammonia oxidizers, and nitrogen fixers alongwith bacteria capable of surviving on simple and unlikely carbon sourceslike dimethylformamide was indicative of their survival strategies underharsh environmental conditions in the arid soil. Functional inference usingPICRUSt analysis shows an abundance of genes involved in photosynthesis andnitrogen fixation.

Microbial communities and their predictive functional profiles in the arid soil of Saudi Arabia