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. Production and reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) by soil denitrifiers influenceatmospheric concentrations of this potent greenhouse gas. Accurate projections of the netN2O flux have three key uncertainties: (1) short- vs. long-term responses to warming,(2) interactions among soil horizons, and (3) temperature responses of different steps in thedenitrification pathway. We addressed these uncertainties by sampling soil from a boreal forestclimate transect encompassing a 5.2 ∘C difference in the mean annual temperature andincubating the soil horizons in isolation and together at three ecologically relevant temperaturesin conditions that promote denitrification. Both short-term exposure to warmer temperatures andlong-term exposure to a warmer climate increased N2O emissions from organic and mineralsoils; an isotopic tracer suggested that an increase in N2O production was more importantthan a decline in N2O reduction. Short-term warming promoted the reduction of organichorizon-derived N2O by mineral soil when these horizons were incubated together. Theabundance of nirS (a precursor gene for N2O production) was not sensitive totemperature, whereas that of nosZ clade I (a gene for N2O reduction) decreasedwith short-term warming in both horizons and was higher from a warmer climate. These resultssuggest a decoupling of gene abundance and process rates in these soils that differs acrosshorizons and timescales. In spite of these variations, our results suggest a consistent, positiveresponse of denitrifier-mediated net N2O efflux rates to temperature across timescalesin these boreal forests. Our work also highlights the importance of understanding cross-horizonN2O fluxes for developing a predictive understanding of net N2O efflux fromsoils.

soil

Short- and long-term temperature responses of soil denitrifier net N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O efflux rates, inter-profile N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O dynamics, and microbial genetic potentials