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. The net loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) from terrestrial ecosystemsis a likely consequence of global warming and may affect key soilfunctions. The strongest changes in temperature are expected to occur at highnorthern latitudes, with forest and tundra as prevailing land cover types.However, specific soil responses to warming in different ecosystems are currentlyunderstudied. In this study, we used a natural geothermal soil warming gradient (0–17.5  ∘ C warming intensity) in an Icelandic spruce forest on Andosol toassess changes in the SOC content between 0 and 10 cm (topsoil) and between 20 and 30 cm (subsoil)after 10 years of soil warming. Five different SOC fractions were isolated,and their redistribution and the amount of stable aggregates wereassessed to link SOC to changes in the soil structure. The results were compared to anadjacent, previously investigated warmed grassland. Soil warmingdepleted the SOC content in the forest soil by −2.7  g kg −1 ∘ C −1 ( −3.6  %  ∘ C −1 ) in the topsoil and −1.6  g kg −1 ∘ C −1 ( −4.5  %  ∘ C −1 ) in thesubsoil. The distribution of SOC in different fractions was significantlyaltered, with particulate organic matter and SOC in sand and stableaggregates being relatively depleted and SOC attached to silt and clay beingrelatively enriched in warmed soils. The major reason for this shift wasaggregate breakdown: the topsoil aggregate mass proportion was reduced from 60.7±2.2  % in the unwarmed reference to 28.9±4.6  % inthe most warmed soil. Across both depths, the loss of one unit of SOC caused adepletion of 4.5 units of aggregated soil, which strongly affected the bulk density(an R2 value of 0.91 and p when correlated with SOC, and an R2 value of 0.51 and p when correlated with soil mass instable aggregates). The proportion of water-extractable carbon increasedwith decreasing aggregation, which might indicate an indirect protectiveeffect of aggregates larger than 63  µ m on SOC. Topsoil changes in thetotal SOC content and fraction distribution were more pronounced in theforest than in the adjacent warmed grassland soils, due to higher and morelabile initial SOC. However, no ecosystem effect was observed on the warming response of thesubsoil SOC content and fraction distribution. Thus, whole profiledifferences across ecosystems might be small. Changes in the soil structure upon warming should be studied more deeply and taken into consideration when interpreting or modelling biotic responses to warming.

Depletion of soil carbon and aggregation after strong warming of a subarctic Andosol under forest and grassland cover