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. The Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in March 2011resulted in the contamination of Japanese landscapes with radioactivefallout. Accordingly, the Japanese authorities decided to conduct extensiveremediation activities in the impacted region to allow for the relativelyrapid return of the local population. The objective of this review is toprovide an overview of the decontamination strategies and their potentialeffectiveness in Japan, focussing on particle-bound radiocesium. In theFukushima Prefecture, the decision was taken to decontaminate thefallout-impacted landscapes in November 2011 for the 11 municipalitiesevacuated after the accident (Special Decontamination Zone – SDZ – 1117 km 2 ) and for the 40 non-evacuated municipalities affected bylower, although still significant, levels of radioactivity (IntensiveContamination Survey Areas, 7836 km 2 ). Decontaminationactivities predominantly targeted agricultural landscapes and residentialareas. No decontamination activities are currently planned for the majorityof forested areas, which cover ∼75  % of the mainfallout-impacted region. Research investigating the effectiveness ofdecontamination activities underlined the need to undertake concertedactions at the catchment scale to avoid renewed contaminationfrom the catchment headwaters after the completion of remediationactivities. Although the impact of decontamination on the radioactive doserates for the local population remains a subject of debate in the literatureand in the local communities, outdoor workers in the SDZ represent a groupof the local population that may exceed the long-term dosimetric target of1 mSv yr −1 . Decontamination activities generated ∼20  million m 3 of soil waste by early 2019. The volume of waste generatedby decontamination may be decreased through incineration of combustiblematerial and recycling of the less contaminated soil for civil engineeringstructures. However, most of this material will have to be stored for ∼30  years at interim facilities opened in 2017 in thevicinity of the FDNPP before being potentially transported to final disposalsites outside of the Fukushima Prefecture. Further research is required toinvestigate the perennial contribution of radiocesium from forest sources.In addition, the re-cultivation of farmland after decontamination raisesadditional questions associated with the fertility of remediated soils andthe potential transfer of residual radiocesium to the plants. Overall, webelieve it is important to synthesise the remediation lessons learntfollowing the FDNPP nuclear accident, which could be fundamental if asimilar catastrophe occurs somewhere on Earth in the future.

Effectiveness of landscape decontamination following the Fukushima nuclear accident: a review