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While eutrophication is often attributed to contemporary nutrient\udpollution, there is growing evidence that past practices, like the\udaccumulation of legacy sediment behind historic milldams, are also important.\udGiven their prevalence, there is a critical need to understand how N flows\udthrough, and is retained in, legacy sediments to improve predictions and\udmanagement of N transport from uplands to streams in the context of climatic\udvariability and land-use change. Our goal was to determine how nitrate\ud(NO3−) is cycled through the soil of a legacy-sediment-strewn stream\udbefore and after soil drying. We extracted 10.16 cm radius intact soil\udcolumns that extended 30 cm into each of the three significant soil horizons\udat Big Spring Run (BSR) in Lancaster, Pennsylvania: surface legacy sediment\udcharacterized by a newly developing mineral A horizon soil, mid-layer legacy\udsediment consisting of mineral B horizon soil and a dark, organic-rich,\udburied relict A horizon soil. Columns were first preincubated at field\udcapacity and then isotopically labeled nitrate (15NO3−) was\udadded and allowed to drain to estimate retention. The columns were then\udair-dried and subsequently rewet with N-free water and allowed to drain to\udquantify the drought-induced loss of 15NO3− from the different\udhorizons. We found the highest initial 15N retention in the mid-layer\udlegacy sediment (17 ± 4 %) and buried relict A soil\ud(14 ± 3 %) horizons, with significantly lower retention in the\udsurface legacy sediment (6 ± 1 %) horizon. As expected, rewetting\uddry soil resulted in 15N losses in all horizons, with the greatest\udlosses in the buried relict A horizon soil, followed by the mid-layer legacy\udsediment and surface legacy sediment horizons. The 15N\udremaining in the soil following the post-drought leaching was highest in the\udmid-layer legacy sediment, intermediate in the surface legacy sediment, and\udlowest in the buried relict A horizon soil. Fluctuations in the water table\udat BSR which affect saturation of the buried relict A horizon soil could lead\udto great loses of NO3− from the soil, while vertical flow through the\udlegacy-sediment-rich soil profile that originates in the surface has the\udpotential to retain more NO3−. Restoration that seeks to reconnect\udthe groundwater and surface water, which will decrease the number of\uddrying–rewetting events imposed on the relict A horizon soils, could\udinitially lead to increased losses of NO3− to nearby stream waters

Nitrate retention capacity of milldam-impacted legacy sediments and relict A horizon soils