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Devising agricultural management schemes that enhance foodsecurity and soil carbon levels is a high priority for many nations. However,the coupling between agricultural productivity, soil carbon stocks andorganic matter turnover rates is still unclear. Archived soil samples fromfour decades of a long-term crop rotation trial were analyzed for soilorganic matter (SOM) cycling-relevant properties: C and N content, bulkcomposition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, amino sugar content, short-term Cbioavailability assays, and long-term C turnover rates by modeling theincorporation of the bomb spike in atmospheric <sup>14</sup>C into the soil. After> 40 years under consistent management, topsoil carbon stocksranged from 14 to 33 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> and were linearly related to the meanproductivity of each treatment. Measurements of SOM composition demonstratedincreasing amounts of plant- and microbially derived SOM along theproductivity gradient. Under two modeling scenarios, radiocarbon dataindicated overall SOM turnover time decreased from 40 to 13 years withincreasing productivity – twice the rate of decline predicted from simplesteady-state models or static three-pool decay rates of measured C pooldistributions. Similarly, the half-life of synthetic root exudates decreasedfrom 30.4 to 21.5 h with increasing productivity, indicating acceleratedmicrobial activity. These findings suggest that there is a direct feedbackbetween accelerated biological activity, carbon cycling rates and rates ofcarbon stabilization with important implications for how SOM dynamics arerepresented in models

Greater soil carbon stocks and faster turnover rates with increasing agricultural productivity