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Declines in plant diversity will likely reduce soil microbial biomass, altermicrobial functions, and threaten the provisioning of soil ecosystemservices. We examined whether increasing temporal plant biodiversity inagroecosystems (by rotating crops) can partially reverse these trends andenhance soil microbial biomass and function. We quantified seasonal patternsin soil microbial biomass, respiration rates, extracellular enzyme activity,and catabolic potential three times over one growing season in a 12-year croprotation study at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station LTER. Rotationtreatments varied from one to five crops in a 3-year rotation cycle, butall soils were sampled under a corn year. We hypothesized that crop diversitywould increase microbial biomass, activity, and catabolic evenness (a measureof functional diversity). Inorganic N, the stoichiometry of microbial biomassand dissolved organic C and N varied seasonally, likely reflectingfluctuations in soil resources during the growing season. Soils frombiodiverse cropping systems increased microbial biomass C by 28–112 % andN by 18–58 % compared to low-diversity systems. Rotations increasedpotential C mineralization by as much as 53 %, and potential Nmineralization by 72 %, and both were related to substantially higherhydrolase and lower oxidase enzyme activities. The catabolic potential of thesoil microbial community showed no, or slightly lower, catabolic evenness inmore diverse rotations. However, the catabolic potential indicated that soilmicrobial communities were functionally distinct, and microbes frommonoculture corn preferentially used simple substrates like carboxylic acids,relative to more diverse cropping systems. By isolating plant biodiversityfrom differences in fertilization and tillage, our study illustrates thatcrop biodiversity has overarching effects on soil microbial biomass andfunction that last throughout the growing season. In simplified agriculturalsystems, relatively small increases in crop diversity can have large impactson microbial community size and function, with cover crops appearing tofacilitate the largest increases

Soil microbial biomass and function are altered by 12 years of crop rotation