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Intensive agricultural production can be an important driver for the loss oflong-term soil quality. For this reason, the European Critical ZoneObservatory (CZO) network adopted four pairs of agricultural CZO sites thatdiffer in their management: conventional or organic. The CZO sites includetwo pairs of grassland farms in Iceland and two pairs of arable farms inAustria. Conventional fields differed from the organic fields in the use ofartificial fertilisers and pesticides.  Soils of these eight farms were analysed in terms of their physical,chemical, and biological properties, including soil aggregate sizedistribution, soil organic matter contents, abundance of soil microbes andsoil fauna, and taxonomic diversity of soil microarthropods.  In Icelandic grasslands, organically farmed soils had larger mean weightdiameters of soil aggregates than the conventional farms, while there wereno differences on the Austrian farms. Organic farming did notsystematically influence organic matter contents or composition, nor soilcarbon and nitrogen contents. Also, soil food web structures, in terms ofpresence of trophic groups of soil organisms, were highly similar among allfarms, indicating a low sensitivity of trophic structure to land use orclimate. However, soil organism biomass, especially of bacteria andnematodes, was consistently higher on organic farms than on conventionalfarms. Within the microarthropods, taxonomic diversity was systematicallyhigher in the organic farms compared to the conventional farms. Thisdifference was found across countries and farm, crop, and soil types. Theresults do not show systematic differences in physical and chemicalproperties between organic and conventional farms, but confirm that organicfarming can enhance soil biomass and that microarthropod diversity is asensitive and consistent indicator for land management

An ecosystem approach to assess soil quality in organically and conventionally managed farms in Iceland and Austria