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Surface coal mining in the eastern USA disturbs hundreds of hectares of landevery year and removes valuable and ecologically diverse eastern deciduousforests. Reclamation involves restoring the landscape to approximate originalcontour, replacing the topsoil, and revegetating the site with trees andherbaceous species to a designated post-mining land use. Re-establishing anecosystem of ecological and economic value as well as restoring soil qualityon disturbed sites are the goals of land reclamation, and microbialproperties of mine soils can be indicators of restoration success.Reforestation plots were constructed in 2007 using weathered brown sandstoneor unweathered gray sandstone as topsoil substitutes to evaluate tree growthand soil properties at Arch Coal's Birch River mine in West Virginia, USA.All plots were planted with 12 hardwood tree species and subplots werehydroseeded with a herbaceous seed mix and fertilizer. After 6 years, theaverage tree volume index was nearly 10 times greater for trees grown inbrown (3853 cm3) compared to gray mine soils (407 cm3). AveragepH of brown mine soils increased from 4.7 to 5.0, while gray mine soilsdeclined from 7.9 to 7.0. Hydroseeding doubled tree volume index and groundcover on both mine soils. Hydroseeding doubled microbial biomass carbon (MBC)on brown mine soils (8.7 vs. 17.5 mg kg−1), but showed no effect ongray mine soils (13.3 vs. 12.8 mg kg−1). Hydroseeding also increasedthe ratio of MBC to soil organic C in both soils and more than tripled theratio for potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) to total N. Brown minesoils were a better growth medium than gray mine soils and hydroseeding wasan important component of reclamation due to improved biochemical propertiesand microbial activity in mine soils

Soil biochemical properties in brown and gray mine soils with and without hydroseeding