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The present study deals with detecting seismic anisotropy parameters beneathsoutheastern Tibet near Namcha Barwa Mountain using the splitting of directS waves. We employ the reference station technique to remove the effects ofsource-side anisotropy. Seismic anisotropy parameters, splitting time delays,and fast polarization directions are estimated through analyses of a total of501 splitting measurements obtained from direct S waves from 25 earthquakes( ≥  5.5 magnitude) that were recorded at 42 stations of the Namcha Barwaseismic network. We observe a large variation in time delays ranging from0.64 to 1.68 s, but in most cases, it is more than 1 s, which suggests ahighly anisotropic lithospheric mantle in the region. A comparison betweendirect S- and SKS-derived splitting parameters shows a close similarity,although some discrepancies exist where null or negligible anisotropy hasbeen reported earlier using SKS. The seismic stations with hitherto null ornegligible anisotropy are now supplemented with new measurements with clearanisotropic signatures. Our analyses indicate a sharp change in lateralvariations of fast polarization directions (FPDs) from consistent SSW–ENE orW–E to NW–SE direction at the southeastern edge of Tibet. Comparison of theFPDs with Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements, absolute plate motion(APM) directions, and surface geological features indicates that the observedanisotropy and hence inferred deformation patterns are not only due toasthenospheric dynamics but are a combination of lithospheric deformation andsub-lithospheric (asthenospheric) mantle dynamics. Direct S-wave-basedstation-averaged splitting measurements with increased back-azimuths tend tofill the coverage gaps left in SKS measurements

solid earth

Seismic anisotropy inferred from direct &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;-wave-derived splitting measurements and its geodynamic implications beneath southeastern Tibetan Plateau