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Soil erosion is one of the major factors affectingsustainability of agricultural production in Ethiopia. The objective of thispaper is to estimate soil erosion using the universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) model and to evaluate soil conservation practices in a data-scarcewatershed region. For this purpose, soil data, rainfall, erosion controlpractices, satellite images and topographic maps were collected to determinethe RUSLE factors. In addition, measurements of randomly selected soil andwater conservation structures were done at three sub-watersheds (Asanat,Debreyakob and Rim). This study was conducted in Koga watershed at upperpart of the Blue Nile basin which is affected by high soil erosion rates.The area is characterized by undulating topography caused by intensiveagricultural practices with poor soil conservation practices. Thesoil loss rates were determined and conservation strategies have beenevaluated under different slope classes and land uses. The results showedthat the watershed is affected by high soil erosion rates (on average 42 t ha−1 yr−1), greater than the maximum tolerable soil loss(18 t ha−1 yr−1). The highest soil loss (456 t ha−1 yr−1)estimated from the upper watershed occurred on cultivated lands of steepslopes. As a result, soil erosion is mainly aggravated by land-use conflictsand topographic factors and the rugged topographic land forms of the area. Thestudy also demonstrated that the contribution of existing soil conservationstructures to erosion control is very small due to incorrect design and poormanagement. About 35 % out of the existing structures can reduce soil losssignificantly since they were constructed correctly. Most of the existingstructures were demolished due to the sediment overload, vulnerability tolivestock damage and intense rainfall. Therefore, appropriate andstandardized soil and water conservation measures for different erosion-proneland uses and land forms need to be implemented in Koga watershed

Estimating soil erosion risk and evaluating erosion control measures for soil conservation planning at Koga watershed in the highlands of Ethiopia