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The aim of this study was to explore the effects of grazing on the formationof the spatial pattern of elm growth in a sparse woodland steppe. We used apoint pattern method to analyze the elm trees within different diameter atbreast height (DBH) classes in both grazed and fenced plots, which wereestablished in Horqin Sandy Land of northeastern China. The results showedthat, in the grazed plot, the distances where transformation between randomand clustered patterns occurred in class 1 (10 cm  ≤  DBH  ≤  15 cm) and class 2 (15 cm  <  DBH  ≤  20 cm) were 2.27 and2.37 m, respectively. Meanwhile, in the fenced plot, the distances betweenrandom and aggregated patterns that occurred in classes 1, 2 and 3(DBH > 20 cm) were 3.13, 3.13 and 7.85 m, respectively. In thefenced plot, at distances larger than 67.72 m there was a negativeassociation between classes 1 and 2, which was also the case betweenclasses 2 and 3 and between classes 1 and 3 for distances greater than 104.09and 128.54 m, respectively. Meanwhile, negative associations occurred onlyat distances larger than 29.38 m in the grazed plot. These findings suggestthat grazing reduced the competition intensity between elm trees; andtherefore, grazing management could be an effective strategy used to regulatethe elm population in the degraded sandy land of northern China

solid earth

The effects of grazing on the spatial pattern of elm (&lt;i&gt;Ulmus pumila&lt;/i&gt; L.) in the sparse woodland steppe of Horqin Sandy Land in northeastern China