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As a native tree species, <i>Ulmus pumila</i> var. <i>sabulosa</i> (sandy elm) is widely distributed inthe Horqin Sandy Land, China. However, seedlings of this species have towithstand various depths of sand burial after emergence because ofincreasing soil degradation, which is mainly caused by overgrazing, climatechange, and wind erosion. An experiment was conducted to evaluate thechanges in its survivorship, morphological traits, and biomass allocationwhen seedlings were buried at different burial depths: unburied controls andseedlings buried vertically up to 33, 67, 100, or 133 % of their initialmean seedling height. The results showed that partial sand burial treatments(i.e., less than 67 % burial) did not reduce seedling survivorship, whichstill reached 100 %. However, seedling mortality increased when sandburial was equal to or greater than 100 %. In comparison with the controltreatment, seedling height and stem diameter increased at least by 6 and14 % with partial burial, respectively. In the meantime, seedling taprootlength, total biomass, and relative mass growth rates were at least enhancedby 10, 15.6, and 27.6 %, respectively, with the partial sandburial treatment. Furthermore, sand burial decreased total leaf area andchanged biomass allocation in seedlings, partitioning more biomass toaboveground organs (e.g., leaves) and less to belowground parts (roots).Complete sand burial after seedling emergence inhibited its re-emergence andgrowth, even leading to death. Our findings indicated that seedlings ofsandy elm showed some resistance to partial sand burial and were adapted tosandy environments from an evolutionary perspective. The negative effect ofexcessive sand burial after seedling emergence might help in understandingfailures in recruitments of sparse elm in the study region

solid earth

Experimental sand burial affects seedling survivorship, morphological traits, and biomass allocation of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Ulmus pumila&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; var. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;sabulosa&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; in the Horqin Sandy Land, China