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. We present high-resolution tomographic images of theupper mantle beneath the Eastern Alps and the adjacent Bohemian Massif (BM) inthe north based on recordings from the AlpArray-EASI and AlpArray seismicnetworks. The tomography locates the Alpine high-velocity perturbationsbetween the Periadriatic Lineament and the Northern Alpine Front. Thenorthward-dipping lithosphere is imaged down to ∼ 200–250 kmof depth, without signs of delamination. The small amount of crustal shorteningcompared to that in the Western Alps and the bimodal character of thepositive perturbations with a separation beneath the Tauern Window indicatea dual source of the velocity heterogeneity, most probably formed by amixture of a fragment of detached European plate and the Adriatic platesubductions. A detached high-velocity heterogeneity, sub-parallel to anddistinct from the Eastern Alps heterogeneity, is imaged at ∼ 100–200 km beneath the southern part of the BM. We associate this anomalywith the western end of a SW–NE-striking heterogeneity beneath thesouth-eastern part of the BM, imaged in models of larger extent. The strike,parallel with the Moldanubian–Brunovistulian mantle–lithosphere boundary inthe BM and with the westernmost part of the Carpathian front, leads us toconsider potential scenarios relating the heterogeneity to (1) a remnant ofthe delaminated European plate, (2) a piece of continental-and-oceaniclithosphere mixture related to the building of the BM, particularly to theclosure of the old Rheic ocean during the MD–BV collision, or (3) alithospheric fragment going through to the NW between the Eastern Alps and WesternCarpathians fronts in a preceding subduction phase. The study is dedicatedto our outstanding and respected colleague Vladislav Babuška, who coinedinnovative views on the European lithosphere and died on 30 March 2021.

Two subduction-related heterogeneities beneath the Eastern Alps and the Bohemian Massif imaged by high-resolution P-wave tomography