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. Remnants of the Caribbean Large Igneous Plateau (C-LIP) are found as thickerthan normal oceanic crust in the Caribbean Sea that formed during rapidpulses of magmatic activity at ∼91 –88 and ∼76  Ma. Strong geochemical evidence supports the hypothesis that the C-LIPformed due to melting of the plume head of the Galapagos hotspot, whichinteracted with the Farallon (Proto-Caribbean) plate in the easternPacific. Considering plate tectonics theory, it is expected that thelithospheric portion of the plume-related material migrated within theProto-Caribbean plate in a north–north-eastward direction, developing thepresent-day Caribbean plate. In this research, we used 3D lithospheric-scale,data-integrative models of the current Caribbean plate setting to reveal, forthe first time, the presence of positive density anomalies in the uppermostlithospheric mantle. These models are based on the integration of up-to-dategeophysical datasets from the Earth's surface down to 200  km depth,which are validated using high-resolution free-air gravity measurements. Basedon the gravity residuals (modelled minus observed gravity), we derive densityheterogeneities both in the crystalline crust and the uppermost oceanic mantle( km ). Our results reveal the presence of two positive mantledensity anomalies beneath the Colombian and the Venezuelan basins, interpretedas the preserved fossil plume conduits associated with the C-LIPformation. Such mantle bodies have never been identified before, but apositive density trend is also indicated by S-wave tomography, at least downto 75  km depth. The interpreted plume conduits spatially correlatewith the thinner crustal regions present in both basins; therefore, wepropose a modification to the commonly accepted tectonic model of theCaribbean, suggesting that the thinner domains correspond to the centres ofuplift due to the inflow of the hot, buoyant plume head. Finally, using sixdifferent kinematic models, we test the hypothesis that the C-LIP originatedabove the Galapagos hotspot; however, misfits of up to ∼3000 km are found between the present-day hotspot location and themantle anomalies, reconstructed back to 90  Ma . Therefore, we shedlight on possible sources of error responsible for this offset and discuss twopossible interpretations: (1) the Galapagos hotspot migrated ( ∼1200 –3000  km ) westward while the Caribbean plate moved to the north,or (2) the C-LIP was formed by a different plume, which – if considered fixed– would be nowadays located below the South American continent.

The preserved plume of the Caribbean Large Igneous Plateau revealed by 3D data-integrative models