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. The Liguro-Provençal basin was formed as a back-arc basin ofthe retreating Calabrian–Apennines subduction zone during the Oligocene andMiocene. The resulting rotation of the Corsica–Sardinia block is associatedwith rifting, shaping the Ligurian Basin. It is still debated whetheroceanic or atypical oceanic crust was formed or if the crust is continentaland experienced extreme thinning during the opening of the basin. We performambient noise tomography, also taking into account teleseismic events, usingan amphibious network of seismic stations, including 22 broadband oceanbottom seismometers (OBSs), to investigate the lithospheric structure of theLigurian Basin. The instruments were installed in the Ligurian Basin for8 months between June 2017 and February 2018 as part of the AlpArrayseismic network. Because of additional noise sources in the ocean, OBS dataare rarely used for ambient noise studies. However, we carefully pre-processthe data, including corrections for instrument tilt and seafloor complianceand excluding higher modes of the ambient-noise Rayleigh waves. We calculatedaily cross-correlation functions for the AlpArray OBS array and surroundingland stations. We also correlate short time windows that include teleseismicearthquakes, allowing us to derive surface wave group velocities for longerperiods than using ambient noise only. We obtain group velocity maps byinverting Green's functions derived from the cross-correlation of ambientnoise and teleseismic events, respectively. We then used the resulting 3Dgroup velocity information to calculate 1D depth inversions for S-wavevelocities. The group velocity and shear-wave velocity results compare wellto existing large-scale studies that partly include the study area. In onshore France, we observe a high-velocity area beneath the Argentera Massif,roughly 10 km below sea level. We interpret this as the root of theArgentera Massif. Our results add spatial resolution to known seismicvelocities in the Ligurian Basin, thereby augmenting existing seismicprofiles. In agreement with existing seismic studies, our shear-wavevelocity maps indicate a deepening of the Moho from 12 km at thesouth-western basin centre to 20–25 km at the Ligurian coast in the north-eastand over 30 km at the Provençal coast. The maps also indicate that thesouth-western and north-eastern Ligurian Basin are structurally separate. Thelack of high crustal vP/vS ratios beneath the south-western part ofthe Ligurian Basin preclude mantle serpentinisation there.

3D crustal structure of the Ligurian Basin revealed by surface wave tomography using ocean bottom seismometer data