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. During lithospheric extension, localization ofdeformation often occurs along structural weaknesses inherited from previoustectonic phases. Such weaknesses may occur in both the crust and mantle, butthe combined effects of these weaknesses on rift evolution remain poorlyunderstood. Here we present a series of 3D brittle–viscous analogue modelsto test the interaction between differently oriented weaknesses located inthe brittle upper crust and/or upper mantle. We find that crustal weaknessesusually express first at the surface, with the formation of grabens parallelto their orientation; then, structures parallel to the mantle weaknessoverprint them and often become dominant. Furthermore, the direction ofextension exerts minimal control on rift trends when inherited weaknessesare present, which implies that present-day rift orientations are not alwaysindicative of past extension directions. We also suggest that multiphaseextension is not required to explain different structural orientations innatural rift systems. The degree of coupling between the mantle and uppercrust affects the relative influence of the crustal and mantle weaknesses:low coupling enhances the influence of crustal weaknesses, whereas highcoupling enhances the influence of mantle weaknesses. Such coupling may varyover time due to progressive thinning of the lower crustal layer, as well asdue to variations in extension velocity. These findings provide a strongincentive to reassess the tectonic history of various natural examples.

Complex rift patterns, a result of interacting crustal and mantle weaknesses, or multiphase rifting? Insights from analogue models