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. Structural studies in active caldera systems are widely used ingeothermal exploration to reconstruct volcanological conceptual models.Active calderas are difficult settings to perform such studies mostlybecause of the highly dynamic environment, dominated by fast accumulation ofprimary and secondary volcanic deposits, the variable and transient rheologyof the shallow volcanic pile, and the continuous feedbacks between faulting,secondary porosity creation, and geothermal fluidcirculation, alteration and cementation that tend to obliterate the tectonicdeformation structures. In addition, deformation structures can be alsocaused by near- and far-field stress regimes, which include magmaticintrusions at various depths, the evolving topography and regionaltectonics. A lack of consideration of all these factors may severelyunderpin the reliability of structural studies. By rebutting and providing adetailed discussion of all the points raised by the comment of Norini andGroppelli (2020) to the Urbani et al. (2020) paper, we take the opportunityto specify the scientific rationale of our structural fieldwork andstrengthen its relevance for geothermal exploration and exploitation in activecaldera geothermal systems in general and, particularly, for the Holocenehistory of deformation and geothermal circulation in the Los Humeroscaldera. At the same time, we identify several major flaws in the approachand results presented in Norini and Groppelli (2020), such as (1) the lack ofan appropriate ranking of the deformation structures considering aninventory method for structural analysis; (2) the misinterpretation andmisquoting of Urbani et al. (2020) and other relevant scientific literature;and (3) irrelevant and contradictory statements within their comment.

solid earth

Reply to Norini and Groppelli's comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)