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. Resurgent calderas are excellent targets for geothermalexploration, as they are associated with the shallow emplacement of magma,resulting in widespread and long-lasting hydrothermal activity. Resurgenceis classically attributed to the uplift of a block or dome resulting fromthe inflation of the collapse-forming magma chamber due to the intrusion ofnew magma. The Los Humeros volcanic complex (LHVC; Mexico) consists of twonested calderas: the outer and older Los Humeros formed at 164 ka and theinner Los Potreros formed at 69 ka. The latter is resurgent and currentlythe site of an active and exploited geothermal field (63 MWe installed).Here we aim to better define the characteristics of the resurgence in LosPotreros by integrating fieldwork with analogue models and evaluating thespatio-temporal evolution of the deformation as well as the depth and extent of theintrusions responsible for the resurgence, which may also represent the localheat source(s). Structural field analysis and geological mapping show that the floor of theLos Potreros caldera is characterized by several lava domes and cryptodomes(with normal faulting at the top) that suggest multiple deformation sourceslocalized in narrow areas. Analogue experiments are used to define the possible source ofintrusion responsible for the observed surface deformation. We apply atested relationship between the surface deformation structures and depth ofelliptical sources to our experiments with sub-circular sources. We foundthat this relationship is independent of the source and surface domeeccentricity, and we suggest that the magmatic sources inducing the deformationin Los Potreros are located at very shallow depths (hundreds of metres),which is in agreement with the well data and field observations. We proposethat the recent deformation at LHVC is not a classical resurgence associatedwith the bulk inflation of a deep magma reservoir; rather, it is related tothe ascent of multiple magma bodies at shallow crustal conditions (&lt;1 km depth). A similar multiple source model of the subsurface structure hasalso been proposed for other calderas with an active geothermal system (Usuvolcano, Japan), suggesting that the model proposed may have widerapplicability.

Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)