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. Geologic carbon storage, as well as other geo-energy applications, such asgeothermal energy, seasonal natural gas storage and subsurface energystorage imply fluid injection and/or extraction that causes changes in rockstress field and may induce (micro)seismicity. If felt, seismicity has anegative effect on public perception and may jeopardize wellbore stabilityand damage infrastructure. Thus, induced earthquakes should be minimized tosuccessfully deploy geo-energies. However, numerous processes may triggerinduced seismicity, which contribute to making it complex and translatesinto a limited forecast ability of current predictive models. We review thetriggering mechanisms of induced seismicity. Specifically, we analyze (1) the impact of pore pressure evolution and the effect that properties of theinjected fluid have on fracture and/or fault stability; (2) non-isothermal effectscaused by the fact that the injected fluid usually reaches the injectionformation at a lower temperature than that of the rock, inducing rockcontraction, thermal stress reduction and stress redistribution around thecooled region; (3) local stress changes induced when low-permeability faultscross the injection formation, which may reduce their stability andeventually cause fault reactivation; (4) stress transfer caused by seismicor aseismic slip; and (5) geochemical effects, which may be especiallyrelevant in carbonate-containing formations. We also review characterizationtechniques developed by the authors to reduce the uncertainty in rockproperties and subsurface heterogeneity both for the screening of injectionsites and for the operation of projects. Based on the review, we propose amethodology based on proper site characterization, monitoring and pressuremanagement to minimize induced seismicity.

Induced seismicity in geologic carbon storage