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. The Alpine orogen formed as a result of the collisionbetween the Adriatic and European plates. Significant crustal heterogeneityexists within the region due to the long history of interplay between theseplates, other continental and oceanic blocks in the region, and inheritedcrustal features from earlier orogenies. Deformation relating to thecollision continues to the present day. Here, a seismically constrained, 3-Dstructural and density model of the lithosphere of the Alps and theirrespective forelands, derived from integrating numerous geoscientificdatasets, was adjusted to match the observed gravity field. It is shown thatthe distribution of seismicity and deformation within the region correlateswell to thickness and density changes within the crust, and that the present-day Adriatic crust is both thinner and denser (22.5 km, 2800 kg m −3 ) than theEuropean crust (27.5 km, 2750 kg m −3 ). Alpine crust derived from eachrespective plate is found to show the same trend, with zones of Adriaticprovenance (Austro-Alpine unit and Southern Alps) found to be denser and those ofEuropean provenance (Helvetic zone and Tauern Window) to be less dense. Thissuggests that the respective plates and related terranes had similar crustalproperties to the present-day ones prior to orogenesis. The model generatedhere is available for open-access use to further discussions about the crustin the region.

Density distribution across the Alpine lithosphere constrained by 3-D gravity modelling and relation to seismicity and deformation