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. We use 2 decades of data from a dense geodetic networkto extract regionally coherent velocities and deformation rates in Franceand neighboring western European countries. This analysis is combined with statisticaltests on synthetic data to quantify the deformation detection thresholds andsignificance levels. By combining two distinct methods – Gaussian smoothingand k -means clustering – we extract horizontal deformations with a 95 %confidence level of ca. 0.1–0.2 mm yr −1 (ca. 0.5– 1 × 10 - 9  yr −1 ) onspatial scales of 100–200 km or more. From these analyses, we show that theregionally average velocity and strain rate fields are statisticallysignificant in most of our study area. The first-order deformation signal inFrance and neighboring western European countries is a belt of N–S to NE–SW shorteningof ca. 0.2–0.4 mm yr −1 (1– 2 × 10 - 9  yr −1 ) in central andeastern France. In addition to this large-scale signal, patterns oforogen-normal extension are observed in the Alps and the Pyrenees, butmethodological biases, mainly related to GPS (Global Positioning System) solution combinations, limitthe spatial resolution and preclude associations with specific geologicalstructures. The patterns of deformation in western France show eithertantalizing correlation (Brittany) or anticorrelation (Aquitaine Basin)with the seismicity. Overall, more detailed analyses are required to addressthe possible origin of these signals and the potential role of aseismicdeformation.

solid earth

Extracting small deformation beyond individual station precision from dense Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks in France and western Europe