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The Iceland Deep Drilling Project research well RN-15/IDDP-2 at Reykjanes,\udIceland, reached its target of supercritical conditions at a depth of 4.5 km\udin January 2017. After only 6 days of heating, the measured bottom hole\udtemperature was 426 °C, and the fluid pressure was 34 MPa. The\udsouthern tip of the Reykjanes peninsula is the landward extension of the\udMid-Atlantic Ridge in Iceland. Reykjanes is unique among Icelandic\udgeothermal systems in that it is recharged by seawater, which has a critical\udpoint of 406 °C at 29.8 MPa. The geologic setting and fluid\udcharacteristics at Reykjanes provide a geochemical analog that allows us to\udinvestigate the roots of a mid-ocean ridge submarine black smoker\udhydrothermal system.\ud  \udDrilling began with deepening an existing 2.5 km deep vertical production\udwell (RN-15) to 3 km depth, followed by inclined drilling directed towards\udthe main upflow zone of the system, for a total slant depth of 4659 m\ud( ∼  4.5 km vertical depth). Total circulation losses of\uddrilling fluid were encountered below 2.5 km, which could not be cured using\udlost circulation blocking materials or multiple cement jobs. Accordingly,\uddrilling continued to the total depth without return of drill cuttings.\udThirteen spot coring attempts were made below 3 km depth. Rocks in the cores\udare basalts and dolerites with alteration ranging from upper greenschist\udfacies to amphibolite facies, suggesting that formation temperatures at\uddepth exceed 450 °C.\ud  \udHigh-permeability circulation-fluid loss zones (feed points or feed zones)\udwere detected at multiple depth levels below 3 km depth to bottom. The\udlargest circulation losses (most permeable zones) occurred between the bottom\udof the casing and 3.4 km depth. Permeable zones encountered below 3.4 km\udaccepted less than 5 % of the injected water. Currently, the project is\udattempting soft stimulation to increase deep permeability. While it is too\udearly to speculate on the energy potential of this well and its economics,\udthe IDDP-2 is a milestone in the development of geothermal resources and the\udstudy of hydrothermal systems. It is the first well that successfully\udencountered supercritical hydrothermal conditions, with potential high-power output, and in which on-going hydrothermal metamorphism at amphibolite\udfacies conditions can be observed. The next step will be to carry out flow\udtesting and fluid sampling to determine the chemical and thermodynamic\udproperties of the formation fluids

scientific drilling

The Iceland Deep Drilling Project 4.5 km deep well, IDDP-2, in the seawater-recharged Reykjanes geothermal field in SW Iceland has successfully reached its supercritical target