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The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition337 was the first expedition dedicated to subseafloor microbiology that usedriser-drilling technology with the drilling vessel <i>Chikyu</i>. The drilling Site C0020is located in a forearc basin formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plateoff the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan, at a water depth of 1180 m. Primaryscientific objectives during Expedition 337 were to study the relationshipbetween the deep microbial biosphere and a series of  ∼  2 km deepsubseafloor coalbeds and to explore the limits of life in thedeepest horizons ever probed by scientific ocean drilling. To address thesescientific objectives, we penetrated a 2.466 km deep sedimentary sequencewith a series of lignite layers buried around 2 km below the seafloor. Thecored sediments, as well as cuttings and logging data, showed a record ofdynamically changing depositional environments in the former forearc basinoff the Shimokita Peninsula during the late Oligocene and Miocene, rangingfrom warm-temperate coastal backswamps to a cool water continental shelf. Theoccurrence of small microbial populations and their methanogenic activitywere confirmed down to the bottom of the hole by microbiological andbiogeochemical analyses. The factors controlling the size and viability ofultra-deep microbial communities in those warm sedimentary habitats could bethe increase in demand of energy and water expended on the enzymatic repairof biomolecules as a function of the burial depth. Expedition 337 provided atest ground for the use of riser-drilling technology to addressgeobiological and biogeochemical objectives and was therefore a crucial steptoward the next phase of deep scientific ocean drilling

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IODP Expedition 337: Deep Coalbed Biosphere off Shimokita – Microbial processes and hydrocarbon system associated with deeply buried coalbed in the ocean