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. The road towards final disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HAW) produced in Germany requires extensive and foresighted management. To date, HAW has been stored in dual-purpose casks inside 15 interim storage facilities. Finally, it is disposed of in a deep geological repository. A site-selection process for this repository, taking into account the whole national territory, started in 2017. The road from interim storage to final disposal is not yet planned in detail: neither temporally nor spatially nor technically. Important parameters are still unknown. The last operating licenses of the existing interim storage facilities, originally built to last for up to 40 years, will end in 2047, and a concept for prolonged interim storage does not exist. The dates for the decision on the repository site and the start of its operation are plagued by uncertainties, as well as the development of safety concepts for different potential host rocks or knowledge on the long-time behavior of disused fuel assemblies during dry interim storage. According to the German site-selection law (Deutscher Bundestag, 2017) the siting decision for the final repository is planned to be made in 2031; Thomauske and Kudla (2016) drew up timelines for the site-selection process to end between 2059 and 2096. The research project WERA – Management of high-level radioactivewaste in Germany: Roads from storage towards disposal – addressedthese uncertainties through the development of different designoptions for the four main steps of the German road to disposal and ofa variety of scenarios combining these steps, covering a broad rangeof potential future designs of the road to disposal. These scenarioshave been analyzed in detail. Need for technical and politicalaction along the road to final disposal has been identified. Optionsfor action were named, and their preconditions and consequences werelisted. The design options and the scenarios derived form the basis ofsocietal discourse on the disposal of high-level radioactivewaste. Thus, the research project WERA contributes toward thepolitically and societally active integration of the differentdisposal steps (interim storage, receiving storage facility, waste conditioning, and final disposal).

Management of high-level radioactive waste in Germany: roads from storage towards disposal – need and options for action