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. Since the development of the coastal areas nearpresent-day Houston, Texas, USA, subsidence has been a significant publicpolicy concern. Subsidence in this area is caused by the extraction ofgroundwater from the Coastal Lowlands aquifer system, locally referred to asthe Gulf Coast Aquifer. Concerns associated with subsidence in theHouston area include coastal inundation from storm surge, inland flooding,and critical infrastructure damage. The Houston area receives about 126 cmof precipitation each year, making flooding a critical issue in the region.The Houston area is the 4th largest city in the United States with apopulation of about 6.89 million (2017) and has a total water demand ofabout 4 Mm 3 per day (2017). In the 1950s the City of Houston began thedevelopment of several reservoirs to provide water for the rapidly growingcity. In 1975, following decades of subsidence totaling over 3 m, theHarris-Galveston Subsidence District (District) began regulating the use ofgroundwater and shifting the primary water supply for the region fromgroundwater to treated surface water to cease on-going and prevent futuresubsidence. Leveraging the alternative resources developed by the City ofHouston in the 1950s, the District's regulatory framework focuses on spatialprioritization and the systematic conversion to alternative source waters.The District's regulatory plan includes three planning areas.Currently, the regional water authorities and the City of Houston aredeveloping nearly five billion dollars (USD) in infrastructure to produceand deliver an additional 1.2 Mm 3 per day of treated surface water toHouston and the surrounding communities. Resource development, publicengagement, and political foresight have resulted in a reasonable approachto shift source waters and implement a plan to dramatically reduce and stopsubsidence in the region. Figure 2 presents subsidence rates (2017)by regulatory area. Results show that the implementation of the regulatoryprogram has substantially slowed subsidence in Areas 1 and 2, where fullconversion has taken place. Planning the future water needs of the Houstonarea resulted in a robust and effective collaboration between the regulatedcommunity and the District. Analysis of historical source water use, aquiferresponse, and subsidence in the Houston area shows that the reasonablemanagement of groundwater use in the Houston region is vital for thelong-term prevention of subsidence and increases the resilience of theentire region.

Groundwater Regulation and the Development of Alternative Source Waters to Prevent Subsidence, Houston Region, Texas, USA