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. In the Province of Flevoland, the Netherlands, landsubsidence poses a problem to agriculture and water management. The peatlayers in the soil are susceptible to compression and oxidation causingfurther subsidence. Applying subirrigation through the tile drain system tomaintain saturation of the peat may be a measure to slow down subsidence. Astudy was therefore carried out at two sites, Nagele and Zeewolde, to assessthe impact of subirrigation in the peat on the seasonal variation in soilmoisture content, and corresponding redox conditions. Bacterial communityanalysis was carried out to verify the hydrochemical observations.Subirrigation proved to be an efficient measure to maintain a high waterlevel in the peat soil as long as the permeability in the upper part of thepeat was sufficient to allow transmission of water into the inter-drain areaand when the peat layer extended enough below the minimum regional waterlevel to prevent drainage to the sand layer underneath. The peat showed dualporosity and water levels could well be maintained by subirrigation at theNagele site. At the Zeewolde site, the variability in the thin peat layerallowed drainage to occur in the sand layer, preventing subirrigation tomaintain high water levels. However, at both sites the peat layer remainedclose to saturation throughout the summer, which may be caused by thefine-grained mineral layer isolating the peat from water extraction viaevapotranspiration. Nitrate concentrations of up to 100 mg L −1 were observedwere high ( >50  mg L −1 ) in the oxic mineral top layer butwere low in the peat (0.3 mg L −1 ) at both Nagele and Zeewolde sites.Sulphate concentrations also showed a decrease with depth in the peat atNagele, indicating a transition from sub-oxic above 1.5 m depth to anoxicconditions at 3.5 m depth. The hydrochemical observations in the soilmoisture in the peat at Nagele confirmed that conditions were sub-oxic inthe upper part of the peat (0.7 m below soil surface) to anoxic at greaterdepth (3.5 m). Soil microbe analyses showed few nitrification bacteria inthe peat, whereas communities specialised in denitrification andammonification were present, as well as sulphate reducing bacteria andmethanogenic species. This confirmed the sub-oxic to anoxic conditions inthe peat deduced from the hydrochemical observations. At Zeewolde,conditions remained sub-oxic throughout the profile.

Investigating the effectiveness of drain infiltration to minimize peat oxidation in agricultural fields in Flevoland, the Netherlands