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Maharashtra is one of the states in India that has witnessed one of the\udhighest rates of farmer suicides as proportion of total number of suicides.\udMost of the farmer suicides in Maharashtra are from semi-arid divisions such\udas Marathwada where cotton has been historically grown. Other dominant crops\udproduced include cereals, pulses, oilseeds and sugarcane. Cotton (fibers),\udoilseeds and sugarcane providing highest value addition per unit cultivated\udarea and cereals and pulses the least. Hence it is not surprising that\udsmallholders take risks growing high value crops without “visualising” the\udrisks it entails such as those corresponding to price and weather shocks.  We deploy recently developed smallholder socio-hydrology modelling framework\udto understand the underlying dynamics of the crisis. It couples the dynamics\udof six main variables that are most relevant at the scale of a smallholder:\udwater storage capacity (root zone storage and other ways of water storage),\udcapital, livestock, soil fertility and fodder biomass. The hydroclimatic\udvariability is accounted for at sub-annual scale and influences the\udsocio-hydrology at annual scale. The model incorporates rule-based adaptation\udmechanisms (e.g., adjusting expenditures on food and fertilizers, selling\udlivestocks) of smallholders when they face adverse conditions, such as high\udvariability in rainfall or in agricultural prices.\ud  The model is applied to two adjoining divisions of Maharashtra: Marathwada\udand Desh. The former is the division with relatively higher farmer suicide\udrates than the latter. Diverse spatial data sets of precipitation, potential\udevaporation, soil, agricultural census based farm inputs, cropping pattern\udand prices are used to understand the dynamics of small farmers in these\uddivisions, and to attribute farmer distress rates to soil types,\udhydroclimatic variability and crops grown.  Comparative socio-hydrologic assessment across the two regions confirms\udexisting narratives: low (soil) water storage capacities, no irrigation and\udpoor access to alternative sources of incomes are to blame for the crisis,\udsuggesting that smart indigenous solutions such as rain-water harvesting and\udbetter integration of smallholder systems to efficient agricultural supply\udchains are needed to tackle this development challenge

A socio-hydrological comparative assessment explaining regional variances in suicide rate amongst farmers in Maharashtra, India