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The recent decades have seen a significant evolution of the methodologies\udand techniques for the monitoring of subsidence on a regional scale: from\udthe traditional levelling technique to GNSS and finally to SAR\udinterferometry. The case study of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, is a prime example\udof this evolution.\ud  \udAs known, the Emilia-Romagna plain is subject to a phenomenon of subsidence\udwith a natural and an anthropogenic component, both of varying amounts\uddepending on the area. The first contributes a few mm/year; the second,\udparticularly evident in the last 60 years, is mainly correlated to excessive\udwithdrawal of fluids from underground and reaches higher values (in the\udpast, subsidence rates of several cm per year were observed in the Po delta\udand near Bologna).\ud  \udThe geodetic monitoring of subsidence started in the 1950s by different\udentities, establishing and measuring levelling networks of varying size and\udwith various characteristics, mainly located where the phenomenon was most\udclearly manifest. These local initiatives were not able to provide a\udconsistent understanding of the phenomenon throughout the entire\udEmilia-Romagna plain.\ud  \udThe first regional-scale monitoring of the Emilia-Romagna plain was\udinitiated in 1999, with a large levelling network (about 3000 km) and a\udcoupled network of 60 GNSS points. In subsequent years, the monitoring\udapproach has mainly focused on the most modern remote sensing techniques\udintegrated with each other, with the adoption of the method DInSAR\udcalibrated to a GNSS Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORS)\uddatabase. The application of DInSAR methods resulted in subsidence maps with\uda greater level of detail.\ud  \udThe paper analyzes the methodology choices made during 1999–2012, through\udthree successive campaigns that adopted and integrated the different\udtechniques

Evolution of the techniques for subsidence monitoring at regional scale: the case of Emilia-Romagna region (Italy)