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Alternative subsidence mechanisms related to groundwater extration and\udsurface loading of built infrastructure in Shanghai have been evaluated to\udexplain continued subsidence despite the controlled reduction of groundwater\udextraction. The traditional theory of aquifer-system compaction embodied in\udthe aquitard drainage model cannot fully explain this phenomenon. Two\udpossible alternative mechanisms were studied previously: (i) surface loading\udattributed to urban construction; (ii) creep occuring in sandy deposits of\udaquifers. These mechanisms could not fully explain the observed subsidence.\udTwo additional alternative mechanistic models are proposed that involve\udprinciples of load transfer considering the temporally and spatially\udredistributed stresses associated with groundwater extraction: (i) the\udCosserat continuum mechanism, considering shear force on the permeable\udcoarse-grained matrial in the aquifer due to hydraulic gradients in the\udaquifer; and (ii) internal erosion of fine-grained (clay and silt) particles\udwithin the aquifer. Initial results based on simulations incorporating\udCosserat mechanics look promising

Investigation of alternative mechanisms of aquifer-system compaction and land subsidence in Shanghai